Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines.
Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.
The world urgently needs to change the way it prescribes and uses antibiotics. Even if new medicines are developed, without behaviour change, antibiotic resistance will remain a major threat. Behaviour changes must also include actions to reduce the spread of infections through vaccination, hand washing, practising safer sex, and good food hygiene.
Scope of the problem
Antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. A growing list of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood poisoning, gonorrhoea, and foodborne diseases – are becoming harder, and sometimes impossible, to treat as antibiotics become less effective.
Where antibiotics can be bought for human or animal use without a prescription, the emergence and spread of resistance is made worse. Similarly, in countries without standard treatment guidelines, antibiotics are often over-prescribed by health workers and veterinarians and over-used by the public.
Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill.
Prevention and control
Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact and limit the spread of resistance.
Individuals
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can:
* Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional.
* Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.
* Always follow your health worker’s advice when using antibiotics.
* Never share or use leftover antibiotics.
* Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
* Prepare food hygienically, following the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, keep food at safe temperatures, use safe water and raw materials) and choose foods that have been produced without the use of antibiotics for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy animals.
Policy makers
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can:
* Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place.
* Improve surveillance of antibiotic-resistant infections.
* Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures.
* Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines.
* Make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance.
Health professionals
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can:
* Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean.
* Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are needed, according to current guidelines.
* Report antibiotic-resistant infections to surveillance teams.
* Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse.
* Talk to your patients about preventing infections (for example, vaccination, hand washing, safer sex, and covering nose and mouth when sneezing).
Healthcare industry
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the health industry can:
* Invest in research and development of new antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics and other tools.
Agriculture sector
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the agriculture sector can:
* Only give antibiotics to animals under veterinary supervision.
* Not use antibiotics for growth promotion or to prevent diseases in healthy animals.
* Vaccinate animals to reduce the need for antibiotics and use alternatives to antibiotics when available.
* Promote and apply good practices at all steps of production and processing of foods from animal and plant sources.
* Improve biosecurity on farms and prevent infections through improved hygiene and animal welfare.
Recent developments
While there are some new antibiotics in development, none of them are expected to be effective against the most dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Given the ease and frequency with which people now travel, antibiotic resistance is a global problem, requiring efforts from all nations and many sectors.
Impact
When infections can no longer be treated by first-line antibiotics, more expensive medicines must be used. A longer duration of illness and treatment, often in hospitals, increases health care costs as well as the economic burden on families and societies.
Antibiotic resistance is putting the achievements of modern medicine at risk. Organ transplantations, chemotherapy and surgeries such as caesarean sections become much more dangerous without effective antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infections.
-WHO
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Key facts
* Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today.
*Antibiotic resistance can affect anyone, of any age, in any country.
* Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process.
* A growing number of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis – are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective.
* Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality.
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WHO response
Tackling antibiotic resistance is a high priority for WHO. A global action plan on antimicrobial resistance, including antibiotic resistance, was endorsed at the World Health Assembly in May 2015. The global action plan aims to ensure prevention and treatment of infectious diseases with safe and effective medicines.
The “Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance” has five strategic objectives:
* To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance.
* To strengthen surveillance and research.
* To reduce the incidence of infection.
* To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines.
* To ensure sustainable investment in countering antimicrobial resistance.
A political declaration endorsed by Heads of State at the United Nations General Assembly in New York in September 2016 signaled the world’s commitment to taking a broad, coordinated approach to address the root causes of antimicrobial resistance across multiple sectors, especially human health, animal health and agriculture. WHO is supporting Member States to develop national action plans on antimicrobial resistance, based on the global action plan.
WHO has been leading multiple initiatives to address antimicrobial resistance:
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